2007年8月17日 星期五

Prominent Iraqis criticise oil law

來源:Al Jazeera English,半島電視台英文版

標題:Prominent Iraqis criticise oil law

日期:Wednesday, August 15, 2007

原文網址:

http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/AD19F8CA-E314-4901-8DDE-450A31ED2255.htm

翻譯與評論:Rembrandtfu

Prominent Iraqis criticise oil law

By Ahmed Janabi

A statement, signed by 419 Iraqi oil experts, economists and intellectuals, expresses grave concern that the newly proposed law would deprive Iraq from its most vital natural resource, oil, and give foreign oil companies ultimate domination over Iraq's oil wealth.

一則由419位專家、經濟學家與知識分子所簽署的聲明,對於一則新近提出的法案表達了嚴鄭的關切,該法案可能會使伊拉克喪失他們最珍貴的天然資源──石油,並且給予外國公司對伊拉克石油極大的的支配能力。

Iraq's intellectuals demand a fundamental modification to the proposed law, and a referendum, the statement said.

該聲明表示,伊拉克的知識份子們要求對該草案做出根本的修正,並且進行公民投票。

The law is expected to be discussed in the Iraqi parliament next month, after the parliamentary summer holiday is over.

該草案預計將會在下個月暑期休會結束後,在議會中被提出討論。

Issam al-Chalabi, Iraq's former oil minister and a signatory to the statement, told Al Jazeera: "We strongly recommend a real modification to the proposed law, and that Iraq's veteran experts be consulted and given a role in rewriting the law.

伊拉克前石油部長,也是該聲明簽署人之一的Issam al-Chalab,告訴半島電視台:「我們強烈建議對該草案進行一個實際的修正,同時伊拉克老經驗的專家也該被諮詢,並且能在改寫草案的過程中具有影響力。」

"We urge that a modified oil law be passed only by a referendum, simply because oil is the wealth of all Iraqis and it affects every Iraqi's livelihood and future."

「我們極力主張修正後的草案應該只能由公民投票來決定通過與否,因為石油是所有伊拉克人的財富,並影響著所有伊拉克人的生計與未來。」

Sovereignty issue

Some Iraqi politicians view oil as a sovereignty issue; therefore anything related to it must be done in co-ordination between the government and people.

有些伊拉克的政治人物將石油議題視為主權議題,因此任何與此相關的事宜都應經過政府與人民之間的協調。

Nouri al-Marsoumi, a political activist, former deputy minister of culture and a signatory to the statement, told Al Jazeera: "The oil law, from a political and economic point of view, is not less important than the constitution itself. National control over oil is a major sign of sovereignty.

一名政治激進份子Nouri al-Marsoumi,也是過去的文化部副部長、這份聲明的簽署人之一,告訴半島電視台:「該項石油草案,由政治或是經濟角度來看,其重要性都不下於憲法本身。國家對於石油的控制是主權的重要象徵。」

"It is a national issue, and everyone must enjoy the right of understanding it and saying what he thinks about it. Therefore, the people of Iraq must have the final say about any proposed oil law, not the parliament, let alone the current parliament, whose legitimacy is under question because it was elected under the occupation."

「這是項國家議題,每個人都享有了解與發表意見的權力。因此,必須擁有對於任何與石油相關法案之最終決定權的,是伊拉克人民而非議會。更何況目前的這個議會其合法性受到質疑,它是在佔領期間被選舉出來的。」

Remarkable experience

Iraq's oil experts insist that their country enjoys a remarkable experience in the oil industry, and it does not need foreign help to develop the country's oil infrastructure.

伊拉克的石油專家堅持伊拉克擁有卓越的石油產業經驗,不需要國外的協助來建立石油工業的基礎建設。

Al Jazeera spoke to Kamal al-Kaisi, a former oil ministry official and Iraq's representative to Opec 1979-1985. He said: "The question is: Do we really need that oil law? Is it really that urgent, and cannot wait until Iraq is better off?

一位過去的石油部門官員,同時也是伊拉克在1979年至1985年於的代表Kamal al-Kaisi向半島電視台表示:「問題是:我們真的需要石油法案嗎?它真的有這麼急迫,不能等到伊拉克更有餘裕之後嗎?」

"Iraq has achieved the nationalisation of oil in 1973, we ran our oil industry effectively for decades, before and after the nationalisation, and our experience has become a model for the region's countries.

「伊拉克於1973年完成石油國有化,數十年間我們經營我們的石油產業經營得很好,不論是在國有化之前或是之後,而我們的經驗也成為了鄰近國家的楷模。」

Production-sharing agreements, which would allow foreign oil companies to invest in oil, and pay a profit margin to the government have been widely criticised by Iraqi oil experts.

「生產分享協議」( production sharing agreements,PSA)將會允許國外的石油公司進行投資並且提供伊拉克政府部分利潤,但一直以來受到伊拉克石油專家廣泛地批評。

Al-Kaisi said: "If we want to increase oil production, then we do not need to risk our necks by surrendering our oil to foreign companies, it could be done internally. Iraq is full of high-quality oil engineers. All we need is to borrow some money, may be, but we definitely do not need the production share agreements (PSA).

Al-Kaisi表示:「如果我們想要增加石油產量,我們不需要冒這種風險將我們的石油交給外國公司,這個目標我們自己就可以達成了。伊拉克有的是高水準的工程師。或許,我們需要的只是借到一些錢,但是我們絕對不需要『生產分享協議』。」

"The nation is in ruins, people are afraid to stay in their own homeland, foreign troops are occupying the country, the government alliance is falling apart - among many other problems. Is the oil law a priority in such circumstances?

「這個國家現在是一片廢墟、人民害怕待在自己的家鄉、外國的軍隊佔據著這個國家、聯合政府分崩離析,還有許多其他的問題。在這樣的情況下,石油問題真的應該被優先考慮嗎?」

The proposed oil law licenses PSA for the first time in decades. The law states that foreign oil companies would pay 12% profit margin to the Iraqi government. Oil experts say this is an unjustifiably small figure in the light of the current high oil prices.

這項草案准許「生產分享協議」一次執行數十年。這項草案聲稱外國的石油公司會提供百分之12的利潤給伊拉克政府。伊拉克專家表示,按照現今的高油價來看這是個小的無理的數字。

評論

首先介紹「生產分享協議(production sharing agreements,PSA)」。簡言之其功能在於決定外國公司投資某特定國家之事業所能獲取的利潤,通常這種事業指的是開採天然資源,特別是石油。較缺乏資金的國家利用這種方式吸引外資進入,而這些外國公司也因此降低許多開採過程中所面臨的投資風險。「生產分享」的概念最早應用在50年代的玻利維亞,其後到60年代「生產分享協議」成功地在印度登場,而後逐漸變國際間各大石油與天然氣公司所採用,全世界目前有超過四十個國家接受這樣的協議,包括埃及、馬來西亞、俄羅斯、秘魯、亞塞拜然……等等。

既然PSA在國際間早已行之有年,伊拉克為何會有這麼強烈的反對聲音呢?第一,伊拉克的油田多數是極易開採的類型,並且產出的原油品質也很高,因此可以使用相對簡單的技術來處理,在這樣的情況下,投資者所面臨的投資風險其實很低,但卻可以獲得很高的利潤;第二,伊拉克議會打算通過的法案,明訂三分之二已知的伊拉克石油油田將由跨國公司開採,合約可以長達十五至二十年,不但與過去三十年來的石油政策背向而馳,更直接由法律保障PSA的正當性並為其鋪路,將來要變更合作方式將有很大的困難;第三,該法案規定地方政府可以和投資公司進行商討,可能會導致油量蘊含較豐的地區出現與其他省份分離的聲音,使得原本就不安的伊拉克政局更添亂因;第四,其他具有豐富石油蘊含的國家,諸如:沙烏地阿拉伯、伊朗、科威特等所採用的模式是技術服務合約,外國公司只提供服務,可能是煉油廠、輸油管道或是技術支援等等,但取得應有的收費之後就要離開,如此一來石油的生產控制權才是在國家手上。

我的評論只有:但願伊拉克人真能找到適合他們和平生存的方式。

參考資料:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_sharing_agreement

2. http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/0D09B919-D28A-4CC4-A79F-0EE500239225.htm

3. http://forum9.uwants.com/viewthread.php?tid=2727312&extra=page%3D1&page=10

4. http://www.inmediahk.net/public/article?item_id=199395&group_id=28

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